The criminal fascinates us even as he repels us. Like Cain, he is not his brother's keeper. Like the serpent,
he tempts us to guilty knowledge and disobedience. He is to men what Lucifer was to the angels, the eternal outcast
and rebel, challenging all the assumptions of the moral order and risking heaven to do so. We are dismayed by his
often dark and bloody deeds, and we run from him when the sun goes down, leaving the streets of our central cities
dark and deserted. But even as we escape in terror, we seek him out in our imagination, as though he held locked
within him some dirty secret of our own. He is, after all, a brother, acting out the primitive part in us that
we struggle to keep dark. He is hated for being too much like us; he is envied for his freedom and the blessed
gift of unrepentance.
Ysabel Rennie
The purpose of this Second Edition is to provide a comprehensive range of perspectives on topics and issues
critical to the study of criminal justice. We have selected readings from many sources, including recent criminal
justice research monographs and articles from the professional and academic literature, case studies, sociological,
phychological, and criminological analyses, the popular media and literature, as well as historical and philosophical
approaches to understanding the complex issues confronting criminal justice today. This interdisciplinary approach
provides a broad coverage of the various topics and issues, presented in an interesting and readable format. We
believe that the selections will capture the students' and teachers' imagination and help make the fascinating
study of criminal justice even more appealing.
In this edition we have included 27 new chapters and have updated and revised three others. Others we have left
as is. Some of those may appear by their copyright dates to be outdated. We believe, however, that some materials,
regardless of their original date of publication, remain valid, vibrant and important contributions to the knowledge
base of criminal justice. Lawrence Sherman's brilliant chapter entitled "Learning Police Ethics" is one
of these, as is Herman Goldstein's classic paper, "The New Policing: Confronting Complexity." Likewise,
Craig Uchida's chapter on the history of policing is not in need of updating. We have retained these and several
others for their valuable insights which have not been made obsolete by time or new research.
The second edition is divided into four sections or topic areas: (1) Crime and Justice in America; (2) The Police
in America; (3) Adjudication and Sentencing; and, (4) Jails, Prisons, and Community-Based Corrections. Each section
contains selected discussions and analyses of current issues and problems, ethical consideration, and materials
related to criminal justice career opportunities, including employment standards and qualifications, and strategies
for pursing employment in the public or private sector of criminal justice. Each section is preceded by brief comments
by the editors and is followed by questions to stimulate classroom discussion. In the first edition we included
a fifth section on the future of criminal justice, "Looking Toward the 21st Century." In reorganizing,
the book for this second edition we moved those "futures" chapters into the sections in which they were
most relevant. Thus, each section now contains one or more chapters in which the possible future directions of
the criminal justice system are analyzed and discussed. Crime and Justice in America: Present Realities and
Future Prospects, Second Edition also contains an index to assist the reader in locating topics of interest.
This volume may readily be used as a stand-alone text for introductory criminal justice courses or as a supplement
to most introductory texts. We have also sought to provide readings that create a balance between theory and practice;
that promote critical thought about current criminal justice issues; and that encourage a vision for the future.
As criminal justice teachers with a combined thirty years teaching and research and over two decades of experience
in criminal justice practice and administration, we realize the need to present students with materials that challenge
their minds yet keep their interest and make them want to read further. We believe we have accomplished that goal
in this volume.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many persons helped make this second edition a reality. Primary among them are our students. We have endeavored
to make this book readable, informative and to the extent possible in a textbook, exciting. They told us which
of the first edition articles they liked and disliked and suggested changes. We thank them for their continuing
efforts to educate us as we attempt to educate them.
Secondly, we owe a great debt to those faculty members across the country who reviewed the first edition and
suggested changes and improvements to this new edition. We are particularly grateful for the efforts of Professors
Clyde Cronkhite, Western Illinois University, Tere Chipman, Fayetteville Technical Community College, Barry Schmelzer,
St. Ambrose University and Stacy Wyland of the University of Hawaii at Hilo.
We also owe a debt of gratitude to those authors whose work is reproduced here. This book is their work. We
have simply selected the best examples of research to illustrate and illuminate the topics.
Our efforts were greatly assisted by the School of Community Affairs staff at Wichita State University. These
stalwart individuals, Cathy Blackmore, Dee Pritchett and Bill Artz provided invaluable support. Finally we thank
our editors at Prentice-Hall, Kim Davies and Cheryl Adam, and our project manager at Clarinda Publications Services,
Rosie Jones. Their assistance and encouragement made our task easier and more efficient.
Wilson Palacios Tampa, Florida
Paul Cromwell Wichita, Kansas
Roger Dunham Coral
Summary
This interesting and readable book covers a broad range of perspectives on various topics and issues critical
to the American criminal justice system. It contains readings from many sources, as well as historical and philosophical
approaches to understanding the complexities confronting the field of criminal justice today. The selected readings
are organized under four major topical areas: Crime and Justice in America; The Police in America; Adjudication
and Sentencing; and Jails, Prisons, and Community-based Corrections. For individuals working within�or simply interested
in� the American criminal justice system.
Table of Contents
I. CRIME AND JUSTICE IN AMERICA.
Introduction.
Facts about Crime and Criminals.
1. The Criminal Justice Process, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
2. American Criminal Justice Philosophy: What's Old�What's New?, Curtis R. Blakely and Vic W. Bumphus.
3. Crime and Policy: A Complex Problem, Samuel Walker.
4. Fallacies about Crime, Marcus Felson.
5. Race, Crime, and the Administration of Justice: A Summary of the Available Facts, Christopher Stone.
6. Peeking Over the Rim: What Lies Ahead?, Kenneth J. Peak.
II. THE POLICE IN AMERICA.
Introduction.
Facts about Police.
7. The Development of American Police: A Historical Overview, Craig Uchida.
8. The New Policing: Confronting Complexity, Herman Goldstein.
9. Contemporary Policing in a Community Era, Mark Moore and Robert C. Trojanowicz.
10. Police Shootings: Myths and Realities, Roger Dunham and Geoffery Alpert.
11. What We Know about Police Use of Force, Kenneth Adams.
12. Learning Police Ethics, Lawrence Sherman.
13. Police Officer Sexual Misconduct: A Field Research Study, Allen D. Sapp.
14. Public Attitudes Toward Police Pursuit Driving: What do Studies on Attitudes Toward Police Pursuit Reveal?,
John M. McDonald and Geoffrey P. Alpert.
15. Race-Based Policing: Alternatives for Assessing the Problem, Brian Withrow and Henry Jackson.
16. The Future of Policing in a Community Era, Jihong Zhao.
III. ADJUDICATION AND SENTENCING.
Introduction.
Facts about Courts.
17. Adversarial Justice, Franklin Strier.
18. Taking on Testifying: The Prosecutor's Response to In-Court Police Deception, Larry Cunningham.
19. Capital Murder: A Prosecutor's Personal Observations on the Prosecution of Capital Cases, Ronald J.
Sievert.
20. Why Prosecutor's Misbehave, Bennett L. Gershman.
21. The Criminal Lawyer's �Different Mission�: Reflections on the �Right� to Present a False Case, Harry
I. Subin.
22. How to Improve the Jury System, Thomas J. Hogan, George E. Mize and Kathleen Clark.
23. Should Juries Nullify Laws They Consider Unjust or Excessively Punitive?, Clay S. Conrad and Nancy King.
24. Truth in Sentencing in State Prisons, Paula M. Ditton and Doris James Wilson.
25. The Impact of Sentencing Guidelines, Dale Parent, Terrence Dunworth, Douglas McDonald and William Rhodes.
26. Therapeutic Jurisprudence and the Emergence of Problem-Solving Courts, Donald Rottman and Pamela Casey.
27. Restoring the Balance: Juvenile and Community Justice, Gordon Bazemore and Susan E. Day.
IV. JAILS, PRISONS, AND COMMUNITY-BASED CORRECTIONS.
Introduction.
Facts about Jails, Prisons, and Community Corrections.
28. Life on the Inside: The Jailers, In a Wary World, Battling Tension, Fear�And Stereotypes, Andrew Metz.
29. The Imprisonment of Women in America, Pauline Brennan.
30. The Needs of Elderly Offenders, Dolores Craig-Moreland.
31. Behind Bars: Substance Abuse and America's Prison Population, National Center on Addiction and Substance
Abuse.
32. Rethinking Assumptions about Boot Camps, Dale Colledge and Jurg Gerber.
33. A Decade of Experimenting with Intermediate Sanctions: What Have We Learned?, Joan Petersilia.
34. The Evolving Role of Parole in the Criminal Justice System, Paul Cromwell.
35. This Man Has Expired: Witness to an Execution, Robert Johnson.
36. Maxxing Out: Imprisonment in an Era of Crime Control, Melissa E. Fenwick.
37. Ophelia the CCW: May 11, 2010, Todd R. Clear.