Determining what is a "philosophic classic" becomes more difficult the closer one gets to the present,
and I am sure there will be disagreements about particular selections included (or not included) here. In the first
place, what counts as "philosophic"? The lines between philosophy, literary criticism, linguistics, sociology,
political studies, and other disciplines have become blurred. Are Foucault's writings really philosophy? How about
Irigaray? Does a thinker such as Du Bois, who was never called a philosopher in his lifetime, belong in this anthology?
If everything is philosophic, then is nothing philosophic? Whereas some may trumpet that we are, indeed, coming
to the end of philosophy, this questioning about the nature of philosophy is not a new concept. One of the most
important jobs of philosophy over the centuries has been to determine what philosophy is and what it studies. We
are presently in a period of redefining the nature and scope of philosophy. Several of the selections included
here represent the partial results of this ongoing redefinition.
Second, what counts as a "classic"? One can well imagine an editor at the end of the nineteenth century
preparing an anthology of nineteenth-century classics: There would probably be a great deal on F.H. Bradley and
nothing on Kierkegaard--a choice no one would even consider today. This anthology of twentieth-century classics
is also time-bound and subject to revision. But the philosophers and texts included here are presently seen as
classics or as emerging classics. Some, such as the works of Wittgenstein and Heidegger, will undoubtedly continue
to be considered "classics" well into the next century. Others, such as the work of Ayer and Moore, are
already on the wane--though they still are an important part of the development of twentieth-century Western philosophy.
Commonly twentieth-century philosophers are divided into two groups: Continental thinkers and Anglo-American
thinkers. The readings given in this volume represent a balance between these two approaches to philosophy. About
half the contributors fall on each side of the great divide. Accordingly, it is possible to trace the development
of Continental thought beginning with Husserl and moving through Heidegger, Gadamer, Sartre, de Beauvoir, Merleau-Ponty,
Foucault, Derrida, Irigaray, and Habermas. Likewise, one can follow the Anglo-American concerns beginning with
Dewey and continuing on through Du Bois, Russell, Moore, Wittgenstein, Ayer, Quine, Austin, Davidson, Rawls, MacIntyre,
Rorty, and Taylor. (Of course the development of twentieth-century philosophy is hardly that neat and tidy; in
recent years the lines have blurred almost beyond recognition.)
For this edition, I have added selections from John Rawls and Alasdair MacIntyre, changed one of the Bertrand
Russell readings and the translation of one of the Martin Heidegger selections. To make room for these changes,
I have dropped the selections from Alfred North Whitehead and Hilary Putnam. In choosing texts for this volume,
I have tried wherever possible to follow three principles: (1) to use complete works or, where more appropriate,
complete sections of works (2) in clear translations (3) of texts central to the thinker's philosophy or widely
accepted as part of the "canon." To make the works more accessible to students, most footnotes treating
textual matters (variant readings, etc.) have been omitted and all Greek words have been transliterated and put
within angle brackets. In addition, each thinker is introduced by a brief essay composed of three sections: (1)
biographical (a glimpse of the life), (2) philosophical (a resume of the philosopher's thought), and (3) bibliographical
(suggestions for further reading). The selections given here continue the themes of epistemology and metaphysics/ontology
from the nineteenth-century volume. Some important works in social and political philosophy are also included.
Those who use this volume in one-term courses, such as contemporary philosophy, Continental philosophy, or Anglo-American
philosophy, will find more material here than can easily fit a normal semester. But this embarrassment of riches
gives teachers some choice and, for those who offer the same course year after year, an opportunity to change the
menu.
Summary
For courses in 20th-century Philosophy, recent Continental Philosophy, Anglo-American Philosophy; as part of
courses in Contemporary Philosophy; or courses on Epistemology or Metaphysics that take a historical approach.
Designed to be accessible to today's students, this anthology of readings in 20th-century philosophical classics
includes recent European and American philosophers, and contains texts that are presently seen as classics or as
emerging classics. It features the best available translations of texts�complete works or complete sections of
works�which are both central to each philosopher's thought and are widely accepted as part of the canon. The selections
are readable and accessible while still being faithful to the original works. Introductions to each philosopher,
an abundance of drawings, diagrams, photographs, and a timeline keep students focused throughout.
Table of Contents
Introduction: A Map of Twentieth-Century Philosophy byHans Bynagle.
Edmund Husserl.
Phenomenology (from Encyclopaedia Brittanica).The Crisis of European Science and Transcendental Phenomenology
(Part III, A, §33 and §34).
John Dewey.
The Quest for Certainty (Chapter 10).
W.E.B. Du Bois.
The Souls of Black Folks (Chapter 1).
Bertrand Russell.
The Problems of Philosophy (Chapters 1, 5, and15). Logical Atomism.
G.E. Moore.
The Refutation of Idealism.
Martin Heidegger.
An Introduction to Metaphysics (Chapter 1). BuildingDwelling Thinking.
Ludwig Wittgenstein.
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (in part). PhilosophicalInvestigations (1-47, 65-71, 241, 257-258, 305, and 309).
A.J. Ayer.
Language, Truth and Logic, (Preface and Chapter1).
Hans-Georg Gadamer.
Truth and Method (Selections from Part II).
Jean-Paul Sartre.
Being and Nothingness (Chapter 2). ExistentialismIs a Humanism.
Simone De Beauvoir.
The Second Sex (Introduction).
Willard Van Orman Quine.
Two Dogmas of Empiricism.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty.
Phenomenology of Perception (Preface).
J.L. Austin.
How to Do Things with Words (Lectures 1 and 2).
Donald Davidson.
The Method of Truth in Metaphysics.
John Rawls.
A Theory of Justice (Chapter 1, Sections 1-4).
Michel Foucault.
What Is an Author? Truth and Power.
Jacques Derrida.
Signature, Event, Context.
Richard Rorty.
Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Selectionsfrom Chapter 4).
The Conversation Continues: Emerging Classics Since 1980.
Luce Irigaray, The Sex Which Is Not One (Selections),Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue (Chapter 15), JürgenHabermas,
The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (LectureXI, Parts II and III), Charles Taylor, Overcoming Epistemology.